Bletchley Park GCSE Coursework Essay Example for Free

Bletchley Park GCSE Coursework Essay Bletchley Park was unique in many different was. Located just outside Bletchley, in southern England in some ways it could have been said to be detached from the rest of Britain during World War 2, lost in a secret world. The organization at Bletchley Park was unique. The method of operations, the dedication, the secrets hidden away behind the walls and even the people working there. All were completely different to what had ever been seen before in terms of code cracking. Secrecy was a big part of life in Bletchley, and even in the beginning when the initial government representatives went to check it out for possible use during wartime, they acted as privately as possible and gave reason for their stay as a hunting trip. The private aspect of station X continued throughout the war with guards patrolling the perimeters of Bletchley day and night. The secrecy kept up after the war as well, with those who had worked at Bletchley Park not being officially allowed to talk about it publicly until 1976. This was likely to be due to Churchills mistake after World War 1; of letting the Germans know that the British had cracked their code. Station X was another method of keeping the enigma secret. It was code-name used, meaning the key station where all the messages were sent. There where several other station Ys, all of which recorded any messages the intercepted and passed them straight on to the larger workstation at Bletchley (station X). This was to keep Bletchley Park looking relatively normal and aerial-free, thus aiding with the bid for secrecy. The people working at station X came from a variety of different backgrounds and were often chosen explicitly for their social records and information, rather than any skills with code breaking they had. Whilst this did only apply to the minority at Bletchley, (many working there during the war had come straight out of universities such as Oxford or Cambridge with a Maths degree) it is still a key aspect of the organization. Some were recruited on their ability to see outside of the box meaning that they were hired to see gaps (or flaws) in what others could not. This resulted in many people with more eccentric personalities residing in Bletchley during the war. Such people included the marvelous Alan Turing, who came up with the idea for the Bombe, one of the first computers in the world. He was certainly one of the abnormal people at Bletchley Park, but also an example of an extremely intelligent one. The actual organization at Bletchley was divided into certain huts. It was within these huts that the duties revolving around code cracking were divided up. For example, hut 8 may have been cracking the naval codes of the enigma, whilst hut 4 was deciding if they were to be of any use. This not only increased efficiency, but as a side effect, seemed to raise morale as well. Rather than working as a larger body were small triumphs went completely unnoticed, through these huts a sense of recognition of others efforts was able to be established. Many of the people with Bletchley were incredibly dedicated and in some cases worked solidly for 24 hours just to make sure that one particular aspect of the code was broken. This of course accelerated to process in which the enigma was eventually broken. Originally, those working at Bletchley Park were not respected or given the appropriate amount of attention by the SIS. (The secret intelligence service) However, this changed after Bletchley accurately predicted the location of a German warship that was just about the attack the British. The SIS ignored the warning, and two British ships were sunk and 1,500 men died. This was a wake up call for the SIS, who then proceeded to give any messages received from Bletchley top priority. 2. Why was Bletchley Park able to break the German enigma? Those working at Bletchley Park were able to break the enigma for several different reasons. Most importantly, it was due to their great skills at code cracking, their powerful intellect and the amazing perseverance that many had to try and achieve the goal. Other reasons must be taken into account though. Such as the clumsy mistakes by the German operators and the help that was given to the British by other countries such as the extraordinary work done by Poland before the war. The British received a great deal of intelligence from other countries during the war. The poles had secretly been working on the enigma before and during the start of the war. Three mathematicians had been trying to decode messages and solve the random jumble of letters. As Germany invaded, polish officials met up with the British and gave them all they knew about the enigma. This not only opened the gates for the British as to what the Nazis were using to scramble to letters, but also gave them a solid head start in order to go about decoding them. Later on, a German who was willing to sell information about the enigma contacted the French. French intelligence later passed this information on to the rest of the allies, including the British. Both of these two events greatly helped Bletchley Park crack the code of the enigma initially, and throughout the rest of the war. Another factor that continued to help the people working at station X were the mistakes of the German operators. It is likely that if the Germans had used the enigma exactly as directed, it would have been a lot harder to crack, thus taking up much more time. Common mistakes were not replacing or changing the order in which the cog wheels were arranged, not arranging the two plugs in the correct formation and other more minor errors that were normally results from laziness. Another fault that was used to its maximum effect was that of the double helix. In many cases, the enigma was not anywhere near as random as the Germans had first hoped, and in a few cases the British were able to see clear patterns were letters were exactly the same within the code. Whilst this was not necessarily the Germans fault, it was still as mistake that they did not know about and failed to consider. These mistakes were exploited and picked apart by the British, giving them a further chance in forming patterns out the mess. Bletchley used certain methods to ease the task of finding the right combination out of 150,000,000,000,000,000 possibilities. Techniques such as laying out perforated sheets to see if any letters matched were popular and helped the efficiency of code cracking as a whole. Also, machines that were invented during the war (including one of the first computers in the world) were a great asset to those at Bletchley as well. The machines invented during the time in Bletchley were all upgraded versions of the same basic idea. The human operator would feed in a code that had usually been worked on previously by other people or was a calculated (likely to be true) estimate (nicknamed a crib by those a Bletchley). The operator would enter the code into the machine and then it would cycle through all the possible combinations, stopping when it reached the correct one. The final version, invented by Turing, could decipher the code, possible wheel locations and possible plug locations thousands of times faster than a human. This greatly helped the British with the speed of cracking codes and sending them off to those who needed them. However it did not decrease the difficulty of knowing what formulas to use within the machine in the first place, or even decoding the initial and forming calculated guesses to feed into the machine to start off with. Those working at Bletchley had to solve several things in order to gather the information needed to have a chance at cracking the code. These included: * The Cog order and wiring * The text settings * The Cross plugging * And language (including German military slang terms) This required great patience and dedication all skills that those working at Bletchley either had already, or managed to acquire. Cracking a code can be an incredibly frustrating experience said one worker, but in most cases the results are uplifting, rewarding [and] very satisfying. Through intertwining many different people into a close knit community, along with their skills, personalities and unique ideas, Bletchley Park managed to effectively the ultimate code-cracking machine. Finally, breakthroughs were also a key factor when it came to breaking the code. Strokes of luck such as recovering German navy code books off small weather vessels that were easily captured, or getting other such Nazi secrets of sinking U-boats or crashed vehicles greatly helped advance the enigma effort. Overall, there was no key reason why the British were able to crack the code of the enigma. No huge mistake was made by the Germans that completely gave the secrets away, no massive breakthrough was made by the British to unlock all the enigma codes in one go, the end result came from many different factors that when put together, gave Bletchley Park the key to the enigma code.

The Evolution of Sex Essay -- Reproductive Science

Introduction Life on Earth is all about sex. But sex is far more attributable to our animalistic instincts than many humans even realize. Animals and human beings, alike, go through unimaginable things to ensure their genes are passed on for another generation. The one goal in most species’ lives is to reproduce so that some parts of their DNA or genes get handed down. Clearly without reproduction and sex, which are distinctly different terms, the species would become extinct. Because of this inescapable fact, the evolution of sex is a very important topic. One may say that sex drives evolution and evolution drives nature, which in turn makes sex the center of existence. When examining the evolution of sex there are many different topics and facts to be looked at closely. This paper will give a brief description of the history of sexual reproduction and how it has evolved over the past 600 million years. Next, a discussion on Darwin’s theories of natural selection and sexual selection and their role in evolutionary theory will be presented. In addition, this paper will include a thorough examination of the different forms of reproduction; the history, current state, and future of human sexual reproduction; and various other interesting topics relating to the evolution of sex. Reproduction Wilson (1975) notes that an individual organism is part of an elaborate device that ensures the survival and replication of genes with the least possible biochemical alteration. Being that reproduction is thought to be one of the primary reasons for existence for many species, it is important to investigate its role in the evolution of sex. Webster defines reproduction as the act or process by which plants and animals give rise to offsp... .... (2007). Evolutionary analysis (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Neiman, M., Hehman, G., Miller, G., Logsdon, Jr., J., & Taylor, D. (2009). Accelerated Mutation Accumulation in Asexual Lineages of a Freshwater Snail. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27(4): 954-963.DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp300 Schuiling, G. (2005). On Sexual Behavior and Sex-role Reversal. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26(3): 217-223 The Evolution of Sexual Reproduction. (n.d.). The Journal of Evolutionary Philosophy - Evolution and Meaning. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. http://www.evolutionary-philosophy.net/sex.html WhyEvolutionIsTrue. Evolve: Sex history channel [video]. (2011, April 04). Web. 20 Nov. 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO7Y61bn_MQ Wilson, E., (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University

Star Wars Sci Fi Essay

English Essay Explain how film codes are used to convey the elements of the science fiction genre in the film Star Wars. Start with the element of science fiction and then bring in the example Introduction George Lucas uses film codes in the film Star Wars to help convey the elements of science fiction. The film codes help to portray the science fiction through out the film. Unusual characters, unusual settings and advanced technology all portray the science fiction in the film. Technical, Audio and Symbolic are film codes that are particularly used in the film.Paragraph one Audio and technical codes are used to convey the element of science fiction, through the use of unusual characters. This can be shown through the way the camera looks at the character to show power and vulnerability. For example when R2D2 is hiding from the sand people they take a close up of him. This shows that he is vulnerable as the sand people might take him otherwise. Another example of technical codes woul d be when there is a low angle taken of when a sand person is on a bantha. This shows that the sand people are powerful.An example of when audio codes are used is when the sand people speak their different language. This is used to make the viewer unfamiliar with the character and think of them as foreign. Another example of audio is the tribal music, to show that the sand people are coming and make the viewer aware of their presence. These examples of film codes in this scene help to convey this element of science fiction. Paragraph 2 Audio and technical codes are used to convey the element of science fiction, through the use of unusual settings. This can be shown through the use of audio one way would be the sound effects.For example when serpent is lurking in the water in the trash contractor. This helps to create suspense for the viewer, as they don’t know what is going to happen. Another example when the trash contractor is shutting, this sound effect helps to create anx iety and worry for the viewer as they wait to see what happens. Technical is another code that is used in this scene to help show the science fiction element of unusual setting. This can be seen when there is a close up of Han solo’s feet in the water. This shows the viewer that the group are vulnerable and creates suspense for the viewer.Another example of a technical code would be when there is a long shot of the trash contractor closing in on Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and Luke. This is example of a technical code shows the viewer that they are in trouble and creates a feeling of anxiety. All of these examples of film codes help to convey the particular element of science fiction. Paragraph 3 Symbolic and Audio codes are used throughout the scene to convey the element of science fiction through the use of good vs. evil. An example of a symbolic code would be how Darth Vader’s lightsaber is red and Obi Wan Kenobi’s in Blue.This symbolises that Darth Va der is evil and Obi Wan Kenobi is good. Another example of a symbolic code can be shown when Darth Vader kills Obi Wan and all that is left is Obi’s coat and Darth Vader stomps on it. This symbolises Obi Wan Kenobi’s power. An Example of an audio code can be shown when there is silence in the movie and all you can hear is the lightsbaers. This creates suspense for the viewer as well as making them anxious. Another example of an audio code is shown when Luke says ‘no’ when Obi Wan Kenobi dies. This shows that Luke cares for him and makes the viewer feel as if it won't be the same with out him.All of these examples of film codes help to convey the science fiction element of Good vs. Evil. Conclusion In conclusion film codes are used throughout the movie to convey the elements of science fiction. The elements of science fiction are portrayed by different films codes and can be seen particularly in Symbolic, audio and technical codes. George Lucas uses film co des to portray the film codes which provides a exciting film Which Element of science fiction Scene 1: Unusual Characters Scene 3: Unusual Settings Scene 4: Advanced Technology

Literature Review On Participatory Photography - 2180 Words

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This literature review was conducted with the aim of understanding why photovoice method is chosen for use in research, highlighting the effectiveness of the use of participatory photography and the process of ph otovoice in addressing the quality of life of young refugees, including some common concerns when doing the participatory project. Background of Photovoice Participatory photography was first introduced in 1992 when Dr. Caroline Wang and Dr. Mary Burris did their community-based participatory research on the lives of rural women in Yunnan Province, China. They provided women cameras in order to shed light on their difficulties inShow MoreRelatedExploring Employment Seeking Behaviors Of Persons With Hiv / Aids1579 Words   |  7 Pagesphotovoice to young participants in order to develop a curriculum and replicate it. 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